Efficient Adsorption Removal of an Anionic Azo Dye by Lignocellulosic Waste Material and Sludge Recycling into Combustible Briquettes

In recent years, the removal of dyes has emerged as a significant problem that attracted several researchers. The search for green and eco-friendly adsorbents been never-ending task in environmental protection to overcome this issue. Herein, almond shells (AS) were used an adsorbent remove methyl orange (MO) from aqueous solutions. AS was characterized using techniques such X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Adsorption experiments carried out under different pH, temperature, particle size conditions. Kinetic isothermal studies revealed MO adsorption on reached equilibrium at 90 min, following pseudo-second-order (PSO) kinetic model. Langmuir isotherm found suitable model AS, showing maximum capacity 15.63 mg/g. Thermodynamic parameters change standard enthalpy (ΔH°), entropy (ΔS°), free energy (ΔG°) indicated dye process is non-spontaneous, endothermic, physical, which further confirmed FTIR analysis samples after adsorption. contaminated sludge converted into biochar by slow pyrolysis temperature 400 °C 2 h. Biochar exploited manufacture combustible briquettes.